Comparing Dali, Miro and Munch essays

Looking at Dali, Miro and Munch expositions The works of art included in this task are on the whole comparative since they all offer a knowledge into the craftsmen mind and what there considering feeling. They accomplish this utilizing various strategies, however the most eminent part of the three of the artistic creations analyzed in this task is they all make a scene that isn't actually unique, that is the watcher of the canvas can without much of a stretch perceive most articles in center. Be that as it may, the scene painted has been twisted into an unnatural, dream-like state. The three works of art that will be inspected in this task are; The Carnival of Harlequin, The Persistence of Memory and The Scream. The Scream was painted in 1893 by Edvard Munch. It was made utilizing Tempera and pastel ready and is 91 x 73.5 cm. The artistic creation is Edvard Munch's most celebrated work. This work of art is an impression of an occurrence that happened to Munch as he was strolling with companions in Oslo, a section from his journal on the 22 January 1892. It peruses, I was strolling along the street with two companions. I halted, and inclined toward the railing, dreadful tired - watching out over the blazing mists that hung like blood and a blade over the blue-dark fjord and town. My companions strolled on - I remained there, trembling with dread. What's more, I detected an extraordinary, limitless shout go through nature. This artistic creation is not quite the same as different compositions looked into in this task since its fundamental reason is by all accounts to frontal area a feeling as opposed to an idea or a thought. The Persistence of Memory, painted by Salvador Dali in 1931is a work of art that frontal areas the specialists hypothesis about existence. The delicate watches that are the point of convergence of the canvas represent Dalis contemplations about the malleability of existence. Dali even felt that this work foreshadowed the discov ... <!

Essay on Loosing Faith in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown

Loosing Faith in Young Goodman Brown&nbsp;&nbsp; Nathaniel Hawthorne’s, Young Goodman Brown is an account of sex, sin, and the Devil, all the engaging things throughout everyday life. Hawthorne utilizes numerous scholarly gadgets to intrigue quality in his work. Hawthorne utilizes these methods to draw out the strict subjects inside the story. One of the principle abstract gadgets would be symbolism. One of the most significant pictures found in the story relates to Faith and arriving at paradise. Goodman Brown says, ...I‘ll stick to her skirts and follow her to heaven.(H-CAL 375). This follows customary Puritan conviction that on the off chance that you have confidence you will go to paradise. The employments of dim and light additionally help pass on the strict topic of good and underhandedness. Dim is utilized to represent insidious, the forested areas is primarily where this is seen. Light is for the most part found first and foremost, before Goodman enters the timberland. Before everything gets dull and dark. Hues likewise assumed a significant job. To start with Faith pink strips in her hair, which speak to that she is youthful and upbeat. With white representing virtue and red speaking to passion,...

Its Not Always Alzheimers What Causes Memory Loss

It's Not Always Alzheimer's What Causes Memory Loss Brain Health Print The Different Causes of Memory Loss Sometimes, Our Memory Lapses Are Easily Remedied By Esther Heerema, MSW facebook twitter linkedin Esther Heerema, MSW, shares practical tips gained from working with hundreds of people whose lives are touched by Alzheimers disease and other kinds of dementia. Learn about our editorial policy Esther Heerema, MSW Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Claudia Chaves, MD on February 22, 2017 Claudia Chaves, MD, is board-certified in cerebrovascular disease and neurology with a subspecialty certification in vascular neurology. Learn about our Medical Review Board Claudia Chaves, MD Updated on October 16, 2019 Lena Mirisola/Getty Images More in Brain Health Brain Food Mental Exercises Healthy Aging In This Article Table of Contents Expand Emotional Causes Medications Procedures Conditions Cognitive  Causes Other Forms of Dementia View All Back To Top Most of us have, either occasionally or more frequently, had the unpleasant experience of forgetting something. These episodes of memory loss can cause irritation and frustration, as well as a fear that were losing it and beginning to develop Alzheimers disease. While Alzheimers  and other kinds of dementia are responsible for many cases of memory loss, the good news is that there are other, non-permanent factors that can also cause memory loss.?? Better yet, some of them are easily reversed. So, what causes us to forget? What prevents us from mentally storing that piece of information or being able to recall it?  Here are some of the many reasons we cant remember. Emotional Causes Because our mind and body are connected and affect each other, our emotions and thoughts can impact our brain. The energy it takes to cope with certain feelings or life stress  can get in the way of storing or remembering details and schedules.?? Often, these emotional triggers of memory loss can be improved by support, counseling, lifestyle changes, and even just being aware ofâ€"and limiting exposure toâ€"things that increase stress. Stress Too much stress can overload our minds and cause distraction and brain drain.? While short-term, acute stress can trigger a momentary memory problem, chronic, long-term exposure to stress may increase your risk of dementia. Stress management is an important strategy for maintaining quality of life and improving the health of your body and your brain.  ?? Depression Depression can blunt the mind and cause such disinterest in your surroundings that memory, concentration, and awareness suffer. Your mind and emotions may be so weighed down that you are just not able to pay much attention to whats happening. Consequently, recalling something that you werent paying attention to is difficult. Depression can also cause problems with healthy sleep, which can make it more difficult to remember information.??   Pseudodementia is a term that describes the combination of memory loss and  depression. If you think youre experiencing pseudodementia, cognitive testing can be helpful in reassuring you and ruling out true dementia. Despite feeling out of it in daily life, the person with pseudodementia will be able to perform quite well on cognitive tests. Depression is usually highly treatable. Often, a combination of counseling and medication can be very effective. Anxiety? If youve ever completely blanked out when taking a test, even though you knew the information, you can blame anxiety. Some people have anxiety in certain situations, like this test-taking example, and others have a more pervasive  generalized anxiety disorder  that continually interferes with healthy functioning, including the ability to remember in day-to-day activities.?? Identifying and treating anxiety can significantly improve your quality of life, and possibly your memory, as well. Grief? Grieving requires  a high amount of physical and emotional energy, and this can reduce our ability to focus on events and people around us. Consequently, our memory can understandably suffer.?? Grief can be somewhat similar to depression, but its often triggered by a specific situation or acute loss of something or someone, while depression may seem to be without a specific cause. Deep grief takes time to process, and its appropriate and necessary to spend time in your grief. You can expect to feel drainedâ€"both physically and mentallyâ€"when youre going through grief. Give yourself extra time and grace while youre grieving. Individual counseling and support groups can help you to effectively cope with grief. ?Drugs and Medical Treatments Alcohol or Illicit Drugs Drinking alcohol or using illicit drugs can impair your memory, both in the  short-term  and  long-term.?? From blackouts on the same day to an increased risk of  dementia  years later, these substances can significantly  harm your memory, among many other things. Too much alcohol can also cause Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome,  which if treated immediately, may be able to be partially reversed in some people.?? Prescription Medications? Just because a medication is legally prescribed by a physician doesnt mean it cant hurt your body or impair your memory.?? You may be taking the medication exactly as ordered by the doctor, but if you combine too many drugs, prescription medicines can significantly affect your ability to think and remember clearly. If you go to different doctors for multiple conditions, make sure each one has your complete list of medications so they dont order a medication that could interact with the one youre already taking. Ask your physician if any of your medications can be slowly reduced to eliminate this cause of forgetfulness. Chemotherapy If youre receiving chemotherapy as a treatment for  cancer, you might experience chemo brain, described  as brain fog from the medicines targeting your cancer.?? Knowing that this is a common and often temporary effect from chemotherapy can be reassuring. Medical Procedures   Heart Surgery Some research has indicated that following bypass surgery on the heart, there may be an increased risk of some confusion and memory impairment. This may improve as you recover, and typically the need for this type of heart surgery is greater than the possible risk.?? Be sure to discuss your concerns with your physician. Anesthesia Some people report memory loss or confusion, typically lasting for a few days, following the use of anesthesia. Research, however, has been unclear in determining if theres a direct correlation between the anesthesia or if other factors may be causing the brain to function less effectively according to a 2010 study.?? Electroconvulsive Therapy Sometimes referred to as shock therapy, ECT can be very helpful for those suffering from severe depression, but it may also cause some memory loss. You should talk with your physician about the risks and benefits of ECT.?? Because it has been effective for some people, the risk of some memory loss maybe worth it for your quality of life. Physical and Medical Conditions Fatigue  and Sleep Deprivation The benefits of getting a good nights sleep are many: less weight gain, more energy, and the ability to think more clearly. Being tired because you didnt sleep well last night and being chronically short on sleep both have been shown to affect memory and learning.?? Its worth trying some easy ways to improve your sleep habits. Concussions and  Head Injuries Concussions and traumatic head injuries can cause short-term memory impairment, but some research has found that they can also increase the likelihood for the development of dementia over the years.?? Be sure to take steps like wearing protective headgear and helmets when playing sports. And, if you do receive a concussion, its important to let your head fully heal before returning to regular activities and participating in sports.?? Discuss any headaches and concentration difficulties after a head injury with your doctor. Low Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 is a very important vitamin. In more extreme cases, deficits in vitamin B12 have caused symptoms that have been mistaken for dementia. Upon receiving adequate vitamin B12, those symptoms may improve and even resolve in some people.?? Strategies to Boost Cognitive Health and Fight Brain Aging Thyroid  Problems Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can cause cognitive problems such as memory loss and mental fog. If youre noticing brain sluggishness or that its more difficult to remember things, consider mentioning this to your doctor. It may be appropriate to test your thyroid functioning, especially if youre experiencing other symptoms of thyroid issues as well.?? Treating thyroid problems could improve your memory and concentration. Kidney  Disorders? When your kidneys arent working well, such as in chronic or acute kidney  failure (also called renal failure), the accumulation of waste products, such as the breakdown of proteins,  can affect brain function.??  In addition,  studies published in 2017 have shown that those with albuminuria (the presence of albumin protein in the urine) are more likely to display impaired memory and cognition.?? Liver  Disorders ?Liver diseases, such as hepatitis, can cause toxins to be released into your bloodstream, which can then affect brain functioning.??  Hepatic encephalopathy is a related brain disorder that can develop from serious liver problems.?? If you have liver problems and notice some difficulty with memory and thinking, be sure to report this to your physician for prompt diagnosis and treatment. Encephalitis This acute infection of  brain tissue may trigger  symptoms of dementia  such as confusion and memory problems, along with a fever, headaches and even seizures.?? If you suspect encephalitis, seek emergency medical treatment. Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) typically has symptoms in these three areas: cognitive problems, incontinence and a decline in balance and walking.?? Prompt evaluation and treatment by a physician have the potential to reverse the problems with memory and thinking in NPH, as well as help with regaining the ability to be continent and to walk well. Pregnancy Sometimes, the changes in your bodys chemicals and hormones, combined with the emotional and physical changes in pregnancy, can contribute to forgetfulness and poor concentration.?? Fortunately, this is a temporary condition that resolves in due time. Menopause Similar to pregnancy, the hormonal changes in menopause can bring chaos to your thought process and disturb your sleep, which also impacts your cognitive processes. Some physicians prescribe hormonal supplements or other treatments to relieve the temporary symptoms of menopause.?? Infections Infections, such as  pneumonia  or  urinary tract infections,  can cause forgetfulness, especially in older adults and others with chronic health conditions?? . For some people, deliriumâ€"a sudden change  in mental ability in a matter of hours or a couple of daysâ€"is one of the only outward signs of an infection, so be sure to report these symptoms to the physician right away. Prompt treatment, usually with an  antibiotic, can often help restore memory to its normal functioning. Strokes Strokes can significantly affect brain functioning. Sometimes, the memory loss related to a stroke is permanent, but other times the cognitive functioning improves as the brain recovers.?? Transient Ischemic Attacks TIAs, also known as little strokes (although that isnt completely accurate medically), is a brief blockage in the brain that can cause lapses in memory, along with other stroke-like symptoms.?? Brain Tumors Brain tumors can cause headaches and physical problems, but they can also affect our memory and personality at times. Depending on the severity and type of tumor, treatment can often relieve these symptoms.?? Sleep Apnea Sleep apnea, where you actually stop breathing for a few seconds while youre sleeping, has been connected to a higher risk of dementia. A study published in 2018 also tied sleep apnea to memory problems, which is not surprising given that sleep deprivation can cause forgetfulness and diminished brain functioning.??   Aging As people age into older adulthood, cognitive processing generally slows down, and memory ability may  slightly decline. For example, a healthy older person will still be able to memorize information, but it probably wont be as easy as when he was a child or young adult.?? Knowing the difference between normal aging and true memory concerns can help you determine if you should visit the doctor or stop worrying about it. Cognitive  Causes of Memory Loss Distraction ?Thinking about too many things at once? Attempts to multi-task in order to be efficient can sometimes decrease efficiency because of the need to repeat a task that was poorly completed or forgotten. Your brain  has a limit on what it can effectively process simultaneously and remember.?? Natural  Memory  Ability Some people naturally  just dont have a great memory. Maybe youve seen the differences of one person who needs to spend three hours to effectively learn and remember material, and another who has it mastered and can quickly recall it after taking only 20 minutes to page through it. Mild Cognitive Impairment Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) consists of a decline in mental abilities that develops gradually but generally doesnt change the persons ability to function fairly well on a daily basis. One symptom of MCI  is forgetfulness. MCI may respond to  medications that are designed to treat Alzheimers. Some cases of MCI hold steady or even resolve completely, while others progress into Alzheimers disease or other types of dementia.?? Is It Alzheimers or Another Kind of Dementia? Alzheimers disease is the most common cause of dementia and causes significant, not just inconvenient, memory loss, in addition to multiple other  symptoms.?? If you think your memory loss could be caused by Alzheimers, review the  symptoms  and make an appointment with your physician for an assessment. You can also try this online, at-home cognitive test that screens for dementia and bring the results with you to your doctors appointment. Keep in mind that, although Alzheimers typically affects those over the age of 65,  early-onset Alzheimers  can infrequently occur  in those as young as 40.?? Memory loss can  also be caused by other kinds of dementia, such as  vascular dementia,  Lewy body dementia,  frontotemporal dementia,  and several others.?? Any problems with memory should be discussed with your doctor so that a reversible cause can hopefully be found and treated, or so that treatment for Alzheimers or dementia can begin as soon as possible if this is the cause.

The Public Library ( Tpl ) Essay - 1278 Words

The Library I chose the Tigard Public Library (TPL) since I have worked there for eight years. I had to go to Wikipedia to find the number of volumes, 230,000. The website focuses on the building and services available because the new building opened in 2004. The primary types of physical material collected is books, DVDs, CDs, Books on CD and Blu-ray. For the adult collections the majority of items are non-fiction. The fiction is subdivided into general, mystery, and science fiction and Fantasy. Western novels, on request by patrons, have stickers marking them but are shelved with general fiction. There are many different special collections. Graphic novels are divide between adult, young adult and juvenile. Certain non-fiction titles are separated out into a Careers and Education, others into a Parents collection that is shelved the Children’s Room. There is a collection of Large Print and Adult Foreign Language. The Foreign Language section is further divide into Spanish, Chinese, Japanese and Korean. In the children’s room they are referred to as World Languages. In addition to those previously listed, Russian and Somali represent a few of the many diverse languages offered. More of this will be found under Access. Access TPL has two floors, the first floor has the children’s room, a Bestseller books section, a New Books section, patron holds, Blu-rays, DVDs, CDs and Books on CD. Upstairs has Adult Fiction at one end of the building, divided into collections of

Essay about Definition of Sustainability and a Good...

Today, by no means it is certain our society has the capacity to ensure that the nine billion people expected population on earth by 2050 would all be able to achieve a basic quality of life. The earth’s ecosystem is deteriorating and the climate is changing. We are consuming so much, and so quickly, that we are already living far beyond the earths capacity to support us. And yet, nearly a sixth of our fellow humans go to bed hungry each day: both an unnecessary tragedy and a source of social and political unrest. Meanwhile, our globalized world is more interconnected and volatile than ever, making us all more vulnerable. While sustainability is about the future of our society, for todays industries and businesses, it is also about†¦show more content†¦A corporate sustainability report is a periodic report published by companies to highlight achievements in meeting financial, environmental and social sustainability. STRUCTURE OF GOOD SUSTAINABILITY REPORT: Most of the corporate sustainability reports (CSRs) published are widely used as marketing tools that lack substantive data. Others are so data focused that reading through them requires a strong industrial understanding. The best reports are those that provide a balance of accessible, engaging text and comprehensive, material data presented in a well-designed format. A good report must include following elements: Transparency: It requires putting company’s information into the public domain. There is organizational inertia and a fear that additional data could reflect poorly on the organization. The other fear is that the information could in some way benefit the competition. As a result, many reporters take a shortcut by including superficial data rather than truly transparent information. Authenticity: Most companies have been so conditioned to portray themselves as perfect in the marketplace, that admitting to flaws and challenges is tremendously difficult. A sustainability report is not the place to portray perfection. Good reports acknowledge challenges and failures, provide context and communicate next steps. Stakeholder Engagement: A goodShow MoreRelatedPublic Discourse Surrounding Conceptions Of Sustainability Definitions And How That Impedes The Development Of A Sustainable Society1651 Words   |  7 Pages Public Discourse Surrounding Conceptions of Sustainability Definitions and how that Impedes the Development of a Sustainable Society Nicholas Dawson 9/14/2015 University of Southern Queensland Student Number: W0025726 â€Æ' The definition of sustainability varies widely depending on the context in which the concept of sustainability is used. 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Home Cooked vs. Fast Food Free Essays

Benjamin Blackburn Blackburn1 Professor Barnes English 111-16 11/19/2012 Home cooked: Health over Value Instead of putting money towards car or house payments, several thousands of dollars are spent on food purchased away from home in the average American family. The numbers are even more increasing to single status Americans. Don’t get me wrong, I like fast food, but it doesn’t come close to a home cooked meal. We will write a custom essay sample on Home Cooked vs. Fast Food or any similar topic only for you Order Now Home cooked meals are comfort foods that help a family bond. Whether it is a recipe passed down for generations, or culinary discovery made inventive genius, nothing beats a good home cooked meal with family. The main temptation to indulge in fast food is its convenience, especially during a busy work day or long road trips. With less prepare time, fast food chooses frozen foods that are shipped to location. Although there are food chains who advertise â€Å"fresh, never frozen†, these companies are not purchasing these â€Å"fresh† products from a local, reputable supplier. Adding to fast foods convenience, these chains have to take short cuts to deliver hot food, fast! Home cooked meals may not have a convenient drive-thru, but prepping fresh meats and vegetables the night before can alleviate long prep and cooking times. We all know that fast food sales for a reasonable price. Even when there is an increase in economy, they tend to remain at those prices in order to entice the customer. When some time Blackburn 2 passes, and things seem normal in economy, then they will increase prices slightly. It is my belief that fast food wants Americans to know they are suffering with them, therefore winning the people’s choice. Happy customers make for good business, with fewer complaints. Although home cooked meals seem much more expensive than McDonalds, health plays a bigger part. Having and growing a personal garden can cut these prices down to fractions that not even fast food can compare to, not to mention more nutritious. Belief in the value for a buck is not reason enough to set aside nutritional values. Most families put their trust in Betty Crocker and Stouffers from local grocery stores. These â€Å"convenience foods† are cheap alternatives to fast food but contain as much sugar, sodium, and saturated fat as eating out. Using fresh ingredients, you are more able to control the amount of harmful ingredients used in cooking. As a matter of opinion, you know what is being put in your meals. When looking at fast food from a health stand point, salads from McDonalds contain as many calories as their best-selling Big Mac when you add salad dressing. Although fast food offers health alternatives, they are not all as healthy as they seem. With America’s increase of obesity each year, home cooking is more nutritious and clean. Plus, the fact that you are able to spend quality time with family and friends. Coming from a single parent home, I was able to do homework at the kitchen table and as my mother helped me, she would also keep a close eye on the stove while preparing meals for me and my sister. Cooking is bonding time! Eating out felt like vacations when I was growing up. It was a reward for a tough week at school. We as Americans have become lazy, and are taking the easy way out far too often. Packing a healthy snack consisting of fruits and sandwiches made at home can Blackburn 3 prevent the craving for fast food while on a road trip. The same can also be applied to working lives. Home cooked meals are not just the healthy choice, they are the better choice. How to cite Home Cooked vs. Fast Food, Papers

Activity Based Costing System Essay Sample free essay sample

Activity-based costing ( ABC ) is a methodological analysis for more exactly apportioning overhead to those points that really use it. ABC works best in complex environments. where there are many machines and merchandises. and tangled procedures that are non easy to screen out. Problems with Activity Based Costing Many companies initiate ABC undertakings with the best of purposes. merely to see a really high proportion of the undertakings either fail. or finally lapse into neglect. There are several grounds for these issues. which are: Cost pool volume. The advantage of an ABC system is the high quality of information that it produces. but this comes at the cost of utilizing a big figure of cost pools – and the more cost pools there are. the greater the cost of pull offing the system. To cut down this cost. run an on-going analysis of the cost to keep each cost pool. in comparing to the public-service corporation of the ensuing information. We will write a custom essay sample on Activity Based Costing System Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Making so should maintain the figure of cost pools down to manageable proportions. Installation clip. ABC systems are notoriously hard to put in. with multi-year installings being the norm when a company attempts to put in it across all merchandise lines and installations. For such comprehensive installings. it is hard to keep a high degree of direction and budgetary support as the months roll by without installing being completed. Success rates are much higher for smaller. more targeted ABC installings. Multi-department information beginnings. An ABC system may necessitate informations input from multiple sections. and each of those sections may hold greater precedences than the ABC system. Therefore. the larger the figure of sections involved in the system. the greater the hazard that information inputs will neglect over clip. This job can be avoided by planing the system to merely necessitate information from the most supportive directors. Project footing. Many ABC undertakings are authorized on a undertaking footing. so that information is merely gathered one time ; the information is utile for a company’s current operational state of affairs. and it bit by bit declines in utility as the operational construction bit by bit changes over clip. Management may non authorise support for extra ABC undertakings subsequently on. so ABC tends to be â€Å"done† one time and so discarded. To extenuate this issue. construct as much of the ABC informations aggregation construction into the bing accounting system. so that the cost of these undertakings is reduced ; at a lower cost. it is more likely that extra ABC undertakings will be authorized in the hereafter. Coverage of fresh clip. When a company asks its employees to describe on the clip spent on assorted activities. they have a strong inclination to do certain that the reported sums equal 100 % of their clip. However. there is a big sum of slack clip in anyoneà ¢â‚¬â„¢s work twenty-four hours that may affect interruptions. administrative meetings. playing games on the Internet. and so forth. Employees normally mask these activities by allocating more clip to other activities. These hyperbolic Numberss represent misallocations of costs in the ABC system. sometimes by rather significant sums. Separate informations set. An ABC system seldom can be constructed to draw all of the information it needs straight from the general leger. Alternatively. it requires a separate database that pulls in information from several beginnings. merely one of which is bing general leger histories. It can be rather hard to keep this excess database. since it calls for important excess staff clip for which there may non be an equal budget. The best work-around is to plan the system to necessitate the minimal sum of extra information other than that which is already available in the general leger. Targeted use. The benefits of ABC are most evident when cost accounting information is hard to spot. due to the presence of multiple merchandise lines. machines being used for the production of many merchandises. legion machine apparatuss. and so forth – in other words. in complex production environments. If a company does non run in such an environment. so it may pass a great trade of money on an ABC installing. merely to happen that the ensuing information is non excessively valuable. The wide scope of issues noted here should do it clear that ABC tends to follow a rough way in many organisations. with a inclination for its utility to worsen over clip. Of the job extenuation suggestions noted here. the cardinal point is to build a extremely targeted ABC system that produces the most critical information at a sensible cost. If that system takes root in your company. so see a gradual enlargement. during which you merely spread out farther if there is a clear and incontrovertible benefit in making so. The worst thing you can make is to put in a big and comprehensive ABC system. since it is expensive. meets with the most opposition. and is the most likely to neglect over the long term.

Mating choice and Lonely Hearts Columns Essay Example

Mating choice and Lonely Hearts Columns Paper Darwins evolutionary theory stated that all species picked partners who possessed certain characteristics which would offer their offspring a better chance of survival Survival of the fittest.I wanted to see whether both genders offered/requested certain characteristics more or less than the other.I visited a website orientated around dating (mate choices) and accumulated data based upon those who had posted their add on the site.The independent variable was the gender of the person, where as the dependant variable was the number of terms they used in relation to personal appearance, financial resources and age.The results acquired were categorised accordingly in a table, in which I found out that;; Women tended to seek stability in the form of financial resources more than men, where as men tended to offer it more than their female counterparts.; Males tended to seek those who possessed a high level of physical attractiveness more than females. Where as females tended to offer it m ore than males.; Age was a very complex factor with both cases, as those who were young sought those who were older and vice versa. But those who were middle aged tended to seek those who were of their age group.In present day its more of being able to live with someone who can make you happy and give you and your sprouts a good chance in life.TERMINOLOGYLonely-Hearts Column relating to people who are looking for companions or marriage partnersFinancial Resources money/wealthPersonal Appearance physical attributesQuota sampling before the sample is selected the population is divided into appropriate categories from which the sample is selected. Usually with an equal number in each category.Google large search engine on the webBACKGROUNDCharles Darwins theory of evolution presumes the development of life from non-life and stresses a purely naturalistic descent with modification. That is, complex creatures evolve from more simplistic ancestors naturally over time. In a nutshell, as random genetic mutations occur within an organisms genetic code, the beneficial mutations are preserved because they aid survival a process known as natural selection. These beneficial mutations are passed on to the next generation.My hypotheses were based upon the Darwinian theory of Evolution (although many other people had thought of it before him.The purpose of this investigation was to test 3 hypotheses, which were orientated around the mate-choices of males and females, which were found in either Lonely Hearts Columns or on the Internet.There were various factors, which could have a profound effect on my results. The first was that of the location of the information in which I acquired my data from. The second was that of the age group and gender of those who either used a particular website or read a particular publication (newspapers, magazines), in which my data was going to be extrapolated.This investigation aimed to shine light upon whether males and females requested and offered similarly, differently, or equally in relation to mating-choices.HYPOTHESISThere were 3 hypotheses in which my investigation intended to explore. These were: Females request financial resources more than males, where as males offer it more than females. Females offer characteristics relating to Personal Appearance more than males, where as males tend to request it more than females. Females tend to request partners older than themselves, where as males tend to request partners younger than themselves.In relation to my hypotheses, my Null hypotheses were that: There will be no significant difference between the ways in which males and females present and request certain characteristics in regards to lonely-hearts columns.What I intended to measure specifically was the amount of terms relating to financial resources, personal appearance and age in which the two genders used (whilst requesting and offering).METHODThis was a research-based study, which consisted of obtainin g information on those who advertise themselves on the internet (www.dateclub.com).The population, from which my sample was drawn from, was simply all those who used dateclub.com to advertise themselves and search for partners.I used a Quota sampling method in order to obtain my sample, which consisted of 20 males and 20 females of all ages.In relation to allocation to conditions, I divided my sample into 2 (males and females) and then issued corresponding marks in relevant categories according to the number of terminologies used by my sample in relation to personal appearance, financial resources and age.I used Google on the Internet to find a site, which was widely used by both genders (ensuring that I had enough samples for my investigation) in order to sell themselves and also find a perfect match. Once one was found I went into 20 males and 20 female profiles and recorded their data. Which were immediately placed into my table.In order to maintain a high level of control, I mad e sure that all my data was acquired from the same site, on the same day and at the same time. All those who used the site had to be between 18 and 60. So the range of ages was also controlled.The independent variable was the gender of the person, where as the dependant variable was the number of terms they used in relation to personal appearance, financial resources and age.The reasons for my particular choice of methodology were that those who were in search of a mate would be either hard to find or very reluctant to be interviewed by myself. Due to the fact that many would find having to rely on an advertisement in order to find a partner embarrassing. Questionnaires also wouldnt work due to demand characteristics, so the only option which seemed viable, was that of undertaking my own personal research into lonely-hearts columns, which were very easy to find.Adds on the site are constantly added as well as removed, so being unable to know when this occurs, someone else carrying o ut this investigation may acquire results slightly different from that of my own, due to the currency of the data. So this factor could have an effect on the reliability of my data. Which also go for the ads found in newspapers.I chose to measure the data through the allocation of numbers (corresponding to number of terms used) into relevant cells in a table.During my investigation no ethical issues emerged. If there were going to be any it would be that of an invasion of privacy, but due to the fact that people post their traits on the site in order for others to view, the nature of my investigation is ethical.RESULTSTotalsGenderMalesFemalesTotal No of terms relating to Personal Appearance (sought)2617Total No of terms relating to Personal Appearance (offered)3353Total No of terms relating to Financial Resources (sought)38Total No of terms relating to Financial Resources (offered)205Average Difference between Lowest Age range requested and requesters age(31/9) = 3.4(52/17) = 3.1Ave rage Difference between Highest Age range requested and requesters age(37/9) = 4.1(45/17) = 2.6In relation to Personal Appearance, males ask for characteristics relating to it more than females. But on the other hand females offer it far more than males.In relation to Financial Resources, there wasnt a significant difference between the two genders when it came to being sought, although females predominated slightly. But when it came to offering, males did so 75% more than females.In relation to Age, there was hardly any difference with the average lowest age range requested by both genders. However with the average highest age range requested males tended to request much older partners than females.At a young age both genders tend to seek those who are physically appealing. But the older they become the more they tend to disregard personal appearance.Some people requested those who were within an age range, which was younger than theirs.the differences between the highest and lowes t age ranges requested and the requesters age had to be averaged out, due to the fact that a lot of people didnt request anyone within a certain age group. Therefore the table which had the most people requesting someone within a certain age range would most likely have a larger total than the other. So in order to make this a fair test and maintain a high level of control, I decided to average out the differences.(Total of all the differences divided by the number people who requested).As the age ranges seemed to cause the most problems when it came to totalling, it could be said that this is where my methodological flaw lay. As if I knew this would have happened then I would have used a stratified sample to select only those who wanted someone between a certain age range, but at the same time have equal amounts of each gender.The hypothesis, which was orientated around financial resources and personal appearance, conquered with my results. But that of age didnt, thus supporting my null hypothesis. I think this was because for both genders, those who were younger tended to seek those who were older and vice versa. Where as those who were in-between tended to seek those around their own age group, further proving that trends always change over timer.One issue that kept on emerging throughout was that of the results being correlation based rather than that of causality. As in if it was to be a correlation then for example females seeking financial resources more than males wouldnt seem plausible.References and Appendiceswww.darwins-theory-of-evolution.com

Major Writing Assignment Essay Example

Major Writing Assignment Essay Example Major Writing Assignment Essay Major Writing Assignment Essay Major Writing Assignment 2: Pro/Con Lists The Case Against Tipping Pros It would neatly alleviate any question of how much to tip on alcohol tax, and desserts and free meals. it would relieve waiters and the IRS of the nightmare of accounting for unrecorded cash transactions and ensure taxes were paid appropriately. Universal included gratuity could potentially reduce the cost of service overall. For every big tipper there’s another table who stiffs their waiter. Uniform gratuity also ensures equal service for customers who (rightly or wrongly) may be seen as potential bad tippers. It would also mean that servers could be less competitive over â€Å"prime† tables. Cons The biggest concern would be service. Without the incentive, would servers be as motivated to be cheerful and attentive to their customers? I think most people who work for tips still strongly feel that good efforts are rewarded more generously. Depending on how a restaurant does its accounting, you might be paying more than you would for a cash transaction. In effect, this just increases the cost of gratuity for the customer with no benefit to the waiter or support staff. Restaurants would have to charge more for there food, to make servers happy. People never return to restaurants that include tips, because it should be up to the customer. That really hurts the staff. Consequences of Carnage as Entertainment Pros Cons Pros Carnage in tv can be used for, selling lots of things, games, tv shows, movies, music, sex, dvd ect. It can keep families occupied kids will sit in front of a tv for hours, a good baby sitter. Cons They found that those who as children were exposed to violent TV shows were much more likely to later be convicted of crime. Woman who watched more than an average amount of violence tended to throw things at their husbands. Men who grew up watching violent TV shows were more likely to be violent with their wives. Every violent TV show increases a little-bit the likelihood of a child growing up to behave more aggre ssively.

Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 28

Response - Essay Example They were trained to embrace death without fear or panic. To ensure they faced their dreadful challenges, as society’s militants, they were prepared psychologically to be ready for death by accepting to die when presented with a dilemmatic situation of choosing either life or death. The philosophy that deemed essence of Bushido undoubtedly helped to instill gallantry amongst the Samurai warriors. It was like they were fighting a battle they had nothing to lose. Their only mission was to take down as many enemies as possible. This religion/ philosophy influenced the psych of the warriors making them protect Japan from its foes. However, this philosophical concept is distinctly dissimilar from that Judeo-Christian view of death. In Judeo-Christian, people are alive until they physically die. The unrelenting wars that were seen in Japan during the mid-20th Century can be attributed to these cultural teachings that the fighters had. The Japanese World War II was battled by the philosophical conceptions that significantly motivated the warriors to engage in an unrelenting battle. As a matter of fact, the challenge Japan gave America and other nations during the World War was as a result of its deep culture that had saliently spelt out ‘dos’ and ‘don’ts’. As Benedict recounts, it was virtually difficult to understand the real nature of the Japanese culture. It is like the Japanese had a ‘bipolar’ culture that constituted all the extreme features. Its inimitability and unpredictability would confound every rival that sought to challenge Japan. No one knew what to include in the propaganda meant to demoralize the Japanese soldiers. Japan was a mystery. They were invincible; they were a real puzzle to the international community. The secret to Japan’s tenacity was on their deep cultural philosophy known as ‘Essence of Bushido’. The Japanese soldiers’ mental status

Distance education comparing 2 educationalinstructional websites for Essay

Distance education comparing 2 educationalinstructional websites for use of medium - Essay Example Within the context of the stated, the IHEP (2000) examined existing benchmarks, guidelines, and principles that addressed quality online learning. The examination resulted in a list of 24 benchmarks that are deemed essential to quality online distance learning. Proceeding from the above stated, this research will evaluate two distance learning programs using the 24 benchmarks referred to in the above. This analysis will show that even though Phoenix University's online programs are very well developed, they fall short of Athabasca's. Benchmarks and recommendations for online distance learning were developed by many sources (ADEC, 2001; AFT, 2000; IHEP, 2000). The guidelines represent institutional and faculty controls over many aspects of distance learning and included: (a) program quality and standards; (b) faculty support; (c) student services; (d) evaluation and assessment; (e) role and mission of the university; (f) access to learning resources; (g) quality of faculty; (h) student interaction with faculty and peers; and (i) a comprehensive technology plan. The institutional support benchmarks were defined as: (a) a documented technology plan that included electronic security measures to ensure that the validity, quality and integrity of the information; (b) the technology was as failsafe and reliable as possible; and (c) the existence of a centralized system to maintain and support the technology infrastructure. As regards both Phoenix and Athabasca, no information was provided on either website regarding institutional support. 2.2 Student Support According to the MEP 2000 student support benchmarks for online distance learning were: (a) the availability of information about courses and programs; (b) hands-on training and information for students on the library and its resources; (c) the availability of technical support, instructions on technology, and tutorials; and (d) a system in place to quickly address student questions and complaints with regards to student services. As relates to Phoenix University, the website mentioned the factor of student support but did not clarify the type of support offered. In direct comparison, Athabasca emphasised technology orientation courses, program orientation courses and additional training and support for all enrolled students. 2.3 Online Course and

Characteristics Of Popular Fiction As Literary Genre English Language Essay

Characteristics Of Popular Fiction As Literary Genre English Language Essay This chapter will investigate the characteristics of popular fiction as a literary genre and will discuss the nature of translation, as well as the difficulties a translator may confront when translating popular fiction. The chapter is divided into two sub chapters. The first subchapter is written on popular fiction. This section examines main features of this literary genre and makes an attempt to define the relationship between popular fiction and popular culture, also the position of popular fiction within the national literary system. The second subchapter is dedicated to translation. In this subchapter, translation is viewed as a movement of a text from one culture to another. To explain this view, I will first analyse the parts of language that lend themselves to cultural specificity. These include collocation, culture-specific word, phraseological units, accent and speech genres. The purpose of this investigation s to ascertain why such cultural specificities are of importance to the original texts, as well as to the transited texts in particular, and why these cultural specificities may pose problems for translators. 1.Popular fiction The last ten years has witnessed the proliferation of popular fiction both in the number of titles and sales. For instance, Mills and Boon publish 70 new titles each month and pulp any unsold copies after three months. (The Independent, 2008). And there have been changes in reading habit; a report on Market Figures from the UK National Literacy Trust cited on the website of the Romantic Novelist Association reveals that there are more people reading for pleasure than ever before (65% now read for enjoyment compared to 55% in 1979). At the international level, Mills and Boon have their books translated into 25 languages and sell in 100 international markets and a stable of 1,300 authors worldwide are working for Mills and Boom. (The Independent, 2008) The following section of this chapter is dedicated to the study of popular fiction, its relationship with popular culture, and its place in the national literary system. 1.1 Popular fiction as a literary genre The term popular fiction has been defined in a number of ways. In New keywords: a revised vocabulary of culture and society (2005) the word popular has the following distinct uses: Something that is widespread and well-liked by many people; Popular in the contrast between high and popular culture; Popular to mean the mass media imposed on people by commercial interest; Popular used to describe a culture made by the people for themselves. In the very initial understanding, popular fiction is novels, which are well-liked by many people and sold out with enormous quatity. In terms of literary products, Gelder considers popular fiction to be the opposite of Literature. (Gelder, 2004 p.11). Gelder stressed his usage of Literature instead of literature by explaining that the latter is a general field of writing while the former means quality literary works written by such writers as George Elliot, Henry James, James Joyce, D.H. Lawrence, Flannery OConnor, Vladimir Nabokov, Tobias Wolff and so on, (Gelder, 2004 p.11). According to Gelder, these masterpieces deploy a set of logics and practices that are different in kind to those deployed in the field of popular fiction.( Gelder, 2004 p.12). In other words, Literature has tangled plots and intense formal artistry (Amis, 2001 p. 327) and its authors focus on discourses of originality and creativity. Popular fiction, on the other hand, is a kind of industrial practice and its writers use the language of industry instead the language of art world. (Gelder, 2004 p.15) For this reason, Gelder suggests that we should distinguish between two terms author and writer. He argues that popular fiction has less to do with originality and creativity, so for popular fiction, the term writer is preferred to author. (Gelder, 2004 p.14). Another trait differentiating a writer of popular fiction to an author of Literature is their aims; while Literature fictions primary goal is the self-expression of an author, the primary focus of popular fiction is its readers. Thi s explains why popular fiction is strongly supported by the Feminist school. Macherey (1978) and Radway (1987) representatives of the Feminist school are of the belief that readers and their level of interest should be the main concerns of any writers if they want to sell their books. Was Ulysses really a great work of literature if almost no one read it for leisure, and if the few who dared found it so taxing? What did writers owe their audience? How easy were we supposed to make things for them? (Gelder, 2004 p. 23) Readers have a crucial role in the development of popular fiction since the success of popular fiction on the market has revealed why a writer should pay more attention to his/her readers and their interest, especially in the world where more and more people are reading for pleasure. At this point, popular fiction has its merit and it is by no means negligible. Popular fiction is the first rate story teller (Hamilton and Jones, 2009 p.vi) since each story tells a tale, which is the reflection of ordinary readers desire or experience and it has ability to touch readers compassion and understanding (Nash, 1990 p.3). The characteristics of popular fiction Popular fiction is the combination of two main elements: conventions and inventions. According to Cawelti, conventions are elements which are usually quite specific to a particular culture and period and do not mean the same outside this specific context. (Cawelti, 1976 p.5) Stereotyped characters, accepted ideas, commonly known metaphors even favourite plot are examples of conventions. Inventions, on the other hands, are elements which are uniquely imagined by creators (Ashley, 1989 p.87). Such inventional elements could be either new kinds of character ideas, innovative plot or creative usages of language. Both conventions and inventions play significant roles in a cultural context. While conventions represent the shared values of a society, inventions introduce new concepts to the society. Conventions maintain the traditions, customs and stability of a defined culture; inventions bring changes, new values. This explains the popularity of popular fictions since readers could find in these novels a piece of their lives, beliefs, and interests. Such findings bring them satisfaction and emotional security (Cawelti, 1976 p.9). At the same time, inventions provide them with new information about the world and the feeling of escape from the ordinary life around them. It is usually criticized that the genres of popular fiction make overuse of the literary formula, which is the synthesis of a number of specific cultural conventions in a period of time (Cawelti, 1976 p.6). Sewell (1984) stated that the value of popular fiction as literature was subsidiary because of limitations in novelty and creativity of formula fiction. However, such formula fiction fills a strong need for escape and relaxation of readers. Readers experience life, death, violence, and sex described in popular fiction in a manner that increases his sense of confidence and well-ordered existence. (Cawelti, 1976 p.16) Furthermore, formula could be considered to be a kind of literary art because of its two features (1) essential standardlization and (2) its relation to the needs of escape (Cawelti, 1976 p.8) The first characteristic of fomula is the essence of all literature. (Cawelti, 1976 p.8). This is the factor creating the common background between a writer and his/her audience. Such shared experience brings basic emotional security to readers and through this readers may find it easier not only to comprehend the plot, but also to interpret between the lines. In other words, when a bridge between a writer and his/her readers is created, it enables artistic communication. (Cawelti, 1976 p.9) The second feature of formula is of importance since such formulaic elements create the ideal world without limitations or uncertainties in readers imagination. (Cawelti, 1976 p.16) This aspect significantly distinguishes between popular fiction and serious literature. The latter describes the real world and forces its readers to face with the uncertain and unsecured reality when recognizing their involvement in characters whose fates reveal limitations and uncertainties. (Cawelti, 1976 p.13-18) The relationship between popular fiction and popular culture The term popular culture has been defined in numerous ways. Mukerji and Schudson give the following definition of popular culture: Popular culture refers to the beliefs and practices, and the objects through which they are organized, that are widely shared among a population. This includes folk beliefs, practices and objects rooted in local traditions, and mass beliefs, practices and objects generated in political and commercial centers. (Mukerji and Schudson , 1991 p.3-4) Bates and Ferri mention even a broader definition of popular culture: Popular culture is the television we watch, the movies we see, the fast food, or slow food, we eat, the clothes we wear, the music we sing and hear, the things we spend our money for, our attitude toward life. It is the whole society we live in, that which may or may not be distributed by the mass media. It is virtually our whole world (Bates and Ferri, 2010 p.3) From these definitions, it is evident that the formula mentioned above is cultural product. Culture is source for conventions, as well as is the background based on which the mutual understanding between a writer and his audiences. On the other hand, formula also has its impacts on culture since it may become conventional ways of representing and relating certain images, symbols. Flemmings James Bond, Doyles Sherlock Homes, or recently Rowlings Harry Potter could be taken as examples illustrating influences of fictional characters on culture. For instance, Gelder (2004) observes the phenomenon of Harry Potter and ascertains that Harry Potter has spread far beyond the novels themselves. Total sales had reached around 250 million across 200 countries, with the novels translated into 60 languages, including Latin and Welsh. The first Harry Potter film adaptation by Warner Bros. became at the time the second-highest grossing film in history (beaten only by James Camerons The Titanic). A huge amount of media spin-offs and merchandizing helped to keep Harry Potter at the centre of global cultural interest. Discovering such powerful influence of this phenomenon, Gelder concludes that The Harry Potter phenomenon has indeed rebranded, and reglobalized, Britain, presenting to the world a country confident in its past but trying harder than usual to work out the possibilities for the future. (Gelder, 2004 p. 34). Apparently, when a formula is widely successful, it has special appeal and becomes significant to the society. The process through which a formula develops and become a pattern of culture could be name cultural evolution. (Cawelti, 1976 p.20) 1.4 The relationship between popular fiction and literary system Despite the widespread and popularity of popular fiction, in academic world, the place of popular fiction and its importance in academia are still not clear. A confession of an interest in popular fiction would be received with doubts and uncomprehending responses. (Ashley, 1989 p.1) While genres of popular fiction-such as romance, thriller, crime fiction, or science fiction have attracted widespread attention from various perspectives, they have not been considered and investigated as disparate categories( Schneider-Mayerson, 2010 p.21). To explain the overlook on popular fiction, Ashley (1989) states that such neglect is the result of the negative attitude of literary criticism, which consider popular fiction to be the second-rate fiction, or a kind of cultural detritus. (Ashley, 1989 p.3) In the sixties of the twentieth century, Tony Bennet introduced the case of popular fiction as both symptom and cause of cultural degeneracy (Schneider-Mayerson, 2010 p.22). And in literary scholars views, whose focus was the language and style used in literature, popular fiction was a meretricious cousin of real literature. (Schneider-Mayerson, 2010 p.30) However, it is worth viewing popular fiction in the polysystem frame in order to reconsider the position of popular fiction in literature, Even- Zohar introduced his concept of polysystem with the idea that literature is an historical phenomenon that should be analyzed by systematic approaches similar to that of other sciences. He describes The idea of structuredness and systemicity need no longer be identified with homogeneity, a semiotic system can be conceived of as a heterogeneous, open structure. It is, therefore, very rarely a unisystem but is, necessarily, a polysystem a multiple system, a system of various systems which intersect with each other and partly overlap, using concurrently different options, yet functioning as one structured whole, whose members are interdependent (Even-Zohar, 1990 p.11) A literary polysystem is envisaged as the interlinking chains of genres and producers which allow us to identify different types of literature and their social purposes. In the polysystem theory, all fields of literary creativity, popular literature, translated literature, childrens literature, as well as semi-litera ry texts, may become subjects of research. The predominant factors in the polysytem concept are stratification, heterogeneity and dynamics. The polysystem theory also assumes a series of centres and peripheries belonging to the various system within polysystem . There is always a struggle among texts created. The goal of such a battle is to move into the centre of the polysystem, but only a small number of them acquire the status of official, high, and become canonical. Texts which move successfully to the central position are those which are of popularity on the market, as well as among readers. Obviously there are some certain restrictions in the polysytem theories such as the blurred boundaries between centre and periphery but the theory of Even-Zohar allows us to observe the movement and social positioning of popular fiction along with discovering the factors which influence the position of popular fiction in the national literary system. The fame of popular fiction as stated in the introduction of this section, together with the certain contribution of popular fiction to the development of current literary and cultural trend, has revealed popular fiction is an integral part of the literary system and it is worth conducting more insightful research to this field. 2. The translation of popular fiction The first section of this chapter has not only examined popular fiction as a literary genre, but also investigated the characteristics of this genre, as well as its relationship with popular culture and its place in the national literary systems. The following section of this chapter studies the challenges, which popular fiction may pose to a translator during the translation procedure. This section will focus on a variety of theoretical approaches available to translators when working with the set of conventions of popular fiction. This is an attempt to demonstrate principles of translation theory, as well as the act of transfer a text from one cultural context to another. 2.1 What is translation? From the dawn of history, to exchange information has always been one of the most important activities of mankind. Thus, it has always been extremely significant to have sufficient information about what is happening in near or distant countries. The more powerful countries prefer to demonstrate their achievements in economics, military and especially arts, as music and painting have universal appeal, which affect human feelings. Literature plays an extraordinarily crucial role among arts. Unlike music and painting, which influence people of different nationalities directly through sight and hearing, literary works often face significant obstacles if their readers native tongues are different from that of the authors. Hence, translation is used as a powerful tool to help target readers and source authors overcome the barriers of language. Translation has a special place in the literary process as translated literature facilities access to the literature and culture of other nations. In fact, translation is a key to the development of a national literary process as by translating works of foreign literature, features (both principles and elements) are introduced into the home literature which did not exist there before. (Even Zohar, 1978 p.47) Hatim and Mason define translation as an act of communication which attempts to relay, across cultural and linguistic boundaries, another act of communication (which may have been intended for different purposes and different readers/hearers (Hatim and Mason, 1997 p.1). The concept of boundaries in this definition of Hatim and Mason, to some extents, is relevant to what Pym calls text belongs in his book Translation and Text Transfer. (Pym, 1992 p.101). Pym (1992) considers that a text has a place, time and original context where it is completely understood. So when a text is translated from one language into another, there are changes of values in those culturally bound elements in order to make a target audience engage with text in a similar way to its original readers. (Pym, 1992 p.102) Pym states that translation can be seen as a special kind of response to things that have been transferred or are meant to be transferred (Pym, 1992 p.18). In other words, translation is an act of moving the text belong from one context to another. It is obvious that Pyms definition is not restricted to the mechanical linguistic work of a translator but it observes translation from various aspects, which can be political situation, social context or historical period. Jacobson (1987), who believes that the meaning of any word or phrase whatsoever is definitely a semiotic fact defines translation as an interpretation a verbal sign. In his opinion, there are three types of interpreting: (Jacobson, 1987 p. 428 -429) 1. Intralingual translation or rewording is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language. 2. Interlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language. 3. Intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems. Such definition of Jacobson is useful since it offers an understanding of translation within a language, as well as several languages. The intersemiotic translation (the change of one form to another) allows the role for the media in translation process. This might be of importance when taking into accounts popular fiction since several translations of this genre are made only after the successes of their screen adaptations. 2.2 The challenges for the translators of popular fiction Popular fiction, with its sets of conventions as discussed in the previous section, may pose a great challenge for translators. An initial reading of works by Marian Keyes, Cecelia Ahern, Helen Fielding, and Sophie Kinsella would suggest that the following aspects of language in popular fiction may appear challenging for the translators. 2.2.1 Phraseological Units Linguists in the Eastern European tradition have long referred to all formulaic phrases as phraseological units or phraseologisms ( Kunin, 1960; Skrypnyk, 1972; Zorivchak, 1983). The corresponding subfield of study has been designated as phraseology (the study of phrases). In the Western tradition the first comprehensive book on phraseology in English Phraseology: Theory, Analysis and Applications by A.  Cowie was published only in 1998. The term phrase in the Anglophone world is used as a rather general concept. Random House Dictionary defines it as (my highlighting): 1. Grammar. a. a sequence of two or more words arranged in a grammatical construction and acting as a unit in a sentence. b. (in English) a sequence of two or more words that does not contain a finite verb and its subject or that does not consist of clause elements such as subject, verb, object, or complement, as a preposition and a noun or pronoun, an adjective and noun, or an adverb and verb. 2. Rhetoric. a word or group of spoken words that the mind focuses on momentarily as a meaningful unit and is preceded and followed by pauses. 3. a characteristic, current, or proverbial expression On closer consideration it can be observed that the semantics of phrase in English tradition do not differ significantly from the notion of phraseologism which is defined as sustainable combination of words with completely or partially reconsidered value (Kunin, 1960 p.8) Yet, the suffix -ism indicated a more scientific approach towards studying it. The renowned Ukrainian scholar L.  Skrypnyk (1972) defines a phraseological unit (PU) as a lexical and grammatical unit of two or more components which are grouped according to a syntactical model of a sentence or a phrase. (Skrypnyk, 1972 p.17) A PU is characterized by a unified meaning and is reproduced in speech automatically. Hence L.  Skrypnyk draws attention to the defining properties of PUs: A PU is easily retrieved from the praseological corpus of the language by the speakers; The meaning of a PU is unified and cannot always be deduced from the usual meanings of its components; PU functions above the lexical level: the meaning of the phraseological unit contains other categories of thought such as judgment or assessment. V. Teliya (1998), a prominent Russian linguist who has contributed to A.  Cowies book , argues that cultural information incorporated in many phrases needs to be taken into account since phraseological units are also socially-conditioned phenomena. It is a two-way process: they reflect the common consciousness of speakers in a particular community on the one hand and frame the linguistic surrounding of that same community on the other. ( V.Teliya 1998, p.55-57) Phraseological units usually perform a specific function in a specific text situation. Similarly to any other communicative aspect in written speech, they may easily lose this function if uprooted. The following theoretical framework which was elaborated by Prof.  A.V.  Kunin (1960) describes methods applied to rendering phraseological units of a source language by means of a target one: Translating by a full equivalent when every element of the SL PU is preserved in the TL: subject and logical information, imagery, expressiveness and grammatical structure (with some slight modifications). Absolutely equivalent PUs are possible if they originate from one source (Greek mythology, ancient history or literature, Bible and so on) Some minor alterations in the structure or word order do not affect the subject and logical meaning, imagery and expressiveness. Translating by a partial equivalent with partly different components (which means partly different images); the difference between SL and TL partial equivalents shows in the structure of TL variant, in the omission/addition of a component in the TL variant, in the substitution of the component or in the generalization/concretization of the original meaning. Translating by a partial equivalent with completely different components but common expressiveness and subject and logical information; sometimes one SL unit has two or more equivalents of this kind. Translating by a partial equivalent with the same subject and logical information, but different imagery and expressiveness. Translating by a descriptive paraphrase: by single words, by free/neutral combination, by sentence-long descriptive phrase. Translating by means of a calque: copying each component or copying imagery with slightly modified componential structure 2.2.2. Culture specific word Pyms idea of text belongs mentions that any specific text belongs to a certain group of people or situation, so when translation is a complicated task due to a lack of equivalent terms between two different languages. Furthermore, Larson (1984) notices that the receptor audience will decode the translation in terms of his own culture and experience, not in terms of the culture and experience of the author and audience of the original document.(Larson, 1984 p.436-437) In other words, all meaning is culturally belonged and the response to a given text is also culturally belonged. Pym sums up the relationship between culture and translation by stating that it is possible to accept that everything we know about cultures beyond our own has come to us, has been appropriated or assimilated, through a process of transfer and translation. (Pym, 1992 p.17) Obviously, one of the most challenging issues of translation may be found in the difference between cultures. Larson (1984) observes that this difference is reflected in the amount of vocabulary which is available to talk about a particular topic (Larson, 1984 p.95). The two Bulgarian researchers Vlahov and Florin refer to this type of vocabulary as realia and define it as words of the popular language representing denominations of objects, concepts, typical phenomena of a given geographic place, of material life or of social-historical peculiarities of some people, nation, country, tribe, that for this reason carry a national, local or historical color; these words do not have exact matches in other languages. (Vlahov and Florin .1969 p.438) Baker (1992) when mentioning this category of vocabulary points out that the source language words may express a concept which is abstract or concrete, it may relate to a religious belief, a social custom, or even a type of food. and Baker calls such concepts culture-specific items (Baker, 1992 p.21) These culture specific items are referred to as cultureme in the book Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained by Nord. He defines cultureme as a cultural phenomenon that is present in culture X but not present (in the same way) in culture Y. (Nord, 1997 p.34). According to Newmark (1998), culturally specific words can be recognized easily in a text since they are strongly related with a particular culture and a translator cannot translate them directly. It is of importance for a translator to be aware of such the text belongs features of what s/he is to translate and consider translation to be a process which occurs between cultures rather than simply between languages. When translating culture specific words (realia), a translator is advised to take into consideration the following factors: (Vlahov and Florin, 1980 p. 92-30) Firstly, the nature of the text and the importance of realia in the context should be taken into account. Next it is worth considering the nature of realia, its role in the source culture. Then the nature of target language, as well as the target reader, should also be paid great attention to. In terms of strategies, there are a number of translation procedures available. The following tactics are suggested by Vlahov and Florin (Vlahov and Florin , 1980 p.87-88): Transcription/ transliteration; Translation calque /half calque; Adaptation of foreign realia; Substitution by target realia; Functional analogue; Description, explanation, interpretation; Contextual translation 2.2.3 Collocation Collocation can be defined as the tendency of certain words to co-occur regularly in a given language (Baker, 1992 p.47). At one point, this has to do with propositional meaning, the meaning which is understood from the relationship between a word or an utterance and what it refers to (Baker, 1992 p.286). On the other hand, meaning cannot always account for collocational patterning. For example English speakers say to pay a visit but not to perform a visit. It can be said that the patterns of collocation are largely arbitrary and independent of meaning (Baker, 1992 p.48). The translation of collocations may be problematic, especially when it comes to culture-bound collocation. Such collocations as happy hour, Bank Holidayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ appear quite frequently in popular fiction since they reflect everyday life and culture. Baker states that such culture-specific collocations express ideas previously unexpressed in the target language. Like culture-specific words, they point to conce pts which are not easily accessible to the target readers. (Baker, 1992 p.60-61). In the end of chapter 2 of her book In other words: a course book for translation Baker mentions these below strategies which can be used for translating collocation: Translation by a collocation of same meaning and form; Translation by paraphrase; Translation by a collocation of similar meaning but dissimilar form; Omission. 2.2.4 Speech genres Bakhtin introduces the term speech genres in his book Speech genres and other late essays. Bakhtin s idea is that each individual has their own way of using language, which is realized in the form of concrete utterance, either oral or written. The utterance produced reflects not only a situation -thematic content, communication goal style but also the compositional structure. These factors have equal role in the creation of an utterance and they are all determined by reception of an individual. (Bakhtin 1986, p. 60) In other words, it is not situation or language that vary, but the ways in which individuals put words together to describe a specific situation. This finding of Bakhtin is of importance because it may help to define the identity and origin of a person. In this way, the use of speech genres in a novel has culturally specific characteristics since a translator may have good commanding of a foreign language but still s/he may feel helpless in certain spheres of communicati on precisely because they do not have a practical command of the generic form in the given spheresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ this is entirely a matter of inability to command a repertoire of genres of social conversation. (Emerson, 1990 p.275) Leppihalme refers to the gaps of understanding caused by an inability to comprehend speech genres in a particular situational and cultural context as culture bumps (Leppihalme, 1997 p.viii) In novels, speech genres are used as a tool to indicate the origin, cultural and educational background of a character. One of the most well-known forms of speech genres is Allusion, which is a reference, explicit or indirect, to a person, place, or event, or to another literary work or passage. (Leppihalme, 1997 p.6) As culture-bound elements, the meaning of allusion can be conveyed only by familiarity, as well as, solid understanding of source culture. According to Leppihalme, this literary device is used to call attention to ones learning or wider reading; as well as to enrich the work by bringing new meaning and association; or to characterise people, suggest thoughts or unconscious impressions or attitudes in characters; also to increase the significance of ones work. (Leppihalme, 1997 p.7) A llusion in particular, as well as speech genres in general should be treated with great care in order to preserve its purpose of use. A translator is required to have solid knowledge of the original culture in order to understand the usages and convey

Catcher in The Rye by J. D. Salinger

In the novel Catcher in The Rye, Salinger has employed a very realistic portrayal of teenagers and how they act. There are plenty of characteristic on how he properly conveyed this to the audience and he also spread these characteristics through-out all of the characters that are used within the novel.Firstly, you have Holden; a teenager who is not always the brightest bulb in the cabinet, but he has a clear understanding on how the world works and yet he ironically does not have the brains to execute this knowledge directly into the world. Secondly, you have Stradlater; a teenager who just spends all his time going out with girls and partying. Some might say he is a ‘party animal’. Lastly, you have Ackley; a mostly grotesque teenager who does not listen to social cues, acts profoundly around people actions and his practically obnoxious about everything (not knowing, that is how he is acting though). So, Salinger’s opinion (when it comes to characteristics of a te enager) is that all teenagers are blatantly ignorant everything, that all teenagers think they can just coast their way through life and do not have any respect for the people around us.Holden does not really think about what he is going to say, he just kind of spits everything out. Maybe he is an intelligent boy and all, but how he speaks and what he says proves otherwise. Holden states â€Å"I practically got T.B†¦ I’m pretty healthy, though.† (J.D Salinger, 5) In this sentence he talks about basically having a life threatening disease and then tries to reassure to the reader that he is ‘pretty healthy’, I personally think that in a logical statement he would have said something on the lines of â€Å"I practically got T.B†¦ [I should get that checked out].† (J.D Salinger, 5)While Holden is having a conversation with Mr. Spencer he even acknowledges his own stupidity to himself/the reader through the idea of immaturity. â€Å"I was sixte en then, and I’m seventeen now, and sometimes I act like I’m about thirteen.† (Salinger, 9) It is kind of ironic if you think about it, he does not want to be known as dumb or stupid or an idiot, yet he has the  occasional time when he acts like a thirteen year old. Holden, he understands where his faults are, but he cannot come to a conclusion on how to actually fix them he just carries on with his day as if it does not matter.Holden’s roommate Stradlater thoroughly enjoys going out on Friday night, Saturday night, well every night. To do so, he has to find ways to be able to still do well in school while 0slacking off and shrugging all his work aside and his solution; anyone he can find. At one point Stradlater and Holden (because they are roommates) meet up in their room and Stradlater asks Holden is he can do a big favour for him and if he was planning on going out. Holden replies asking what the favour is and that he did not have plans of any sorts. Afterwards Stradlater asks ‘the big question’, â€Å"I got about a hundred pages to read for history†¦ How ‘bout writing a composition for me†¦?† (Salinger, 28)In this instance he had just initiated a vital opening for Holden to be a friend or to just blow him off, and Holden accepts the offer and says he will do the paper for him. Stradlater had just avoided doing his work for one reason; he wanted to go out that night with a girl.Stradlater is also a guy who knows how to be flattering enough that he can convince people to do things for him, you could look at it as he has it better than everyone else because he is ‘prettier’ than other people. He compliments Holden’s new hat with the term â€Å"sharp† and then almost instantaneously afterwards asks â€Å"Listen. Are ya gonna write that composition for me? I have to know.† (Salinger, 29) Why did he need to know you might ask? Well, if Holden has explicitly said à ¢â‚¬Å"no.† to him then Stradlater would have stayed in that night to do it, although Holden says â€Å"If I get the time, I will†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Salinger, 29) Stradlater, using Holden like a boat in the river of life, just expects Holden to float on his way through life, carrying Stradlater along while he is having a party in the boat.Finally, there is Ackley. Now, Ackley has a knack for hanging out in the wrong place for too long. In chapter three, Holden is laying down in his room reading a book and enjoying the feeling of his new hat on the top of his head when, let it be hold that his neighbour Ackley comes strolling over into his room without any true intent on why he is there.Ackley moves  friskily around the room, touching everything he can multiple times while trying to hold a conversation with Holden (who clearly does not want one). â€Å"I’ve read this same sentence about twenty times since you came in.† (Salinger, 20) After stating that Ackley was a disturbance to him, he still did not get the hint and clearly not picking up on the cue to get out of Holden’s room. Later on while Ackley is still occupying the room, Holden says to his self â€Å"I sometimes horse around to keep myself from getting bored.† (Salinger, 21) Once Holden starts to annoy Ackley, trying to make him vacate the room he STILL does not leave. So, clearly Ackley has a problem with following what people are trying to put out to him because he is just plain ignorant about other people and quite frankly himself if you were to take a look at how he manages his outer image.In conclusion, J.D Salinger has made the novel Catcher in The Rye a story that really shows how teenagers act/acted. Salinger also adds his own input on how he thinks teenagers act and/or acted in our time period and the time period at which this novel was written and/or published in through the characters he had created. Three of the main characters; Holden, Stradlater and Ackley are all extremely different which expresses a wide variety of teenager characteristic.Holden symbolizes blatant ignorance for the world around him, Stradlater shows us how un-caring and un-motivated teenagers are when it comes to working on anything and lastly, Ackley describes the lack of respect that we as teenagers have for the people around us. Salinger has made it pretty clear that he believes that teenagers need to change and used this novel to get his point across the world.

Around making life seem like a déjàvu Essay

It is quite remarkable how the sands of time revolve around making life seem like a deja vu. This makes it difficult to draw the line guessing if we are still dreaming or already awake. All eyes are once again drawn to an hour glass being flipped upside down over and over again. However, this time around, the consequences are devastating and the results, catastrophic. And as cliche as it may sound, we hear the question once more, did history repeat itself? Truth be told, we are constantly bombarded with all these alleged justifications for waging the ever controversial war in Iraq. As loquacious and persuasive as the maestros of the war in Iraq may sound, the melody of their symphony is found to be wanting. The sentiment that supports the war in Iraq is simply founded on alleged information that Iraq possesses and are developing weapons of mass destruction. In addition, U. S. officials have claimed that Saddam Hussein is supporting the al-Queda and other terrorist groups (Hayes, 1). With these primary reasons set forth, one reason after another started to pop out like unwanted mushrooms in a garden. The Americans then claimed of human rights abuses made by the Iraqi government. Moreover, the Americans have this illusion that they have the civic and moral duty to promote democracy to this part of the world. And lastly but certainly not the least, there is also the most profitable reason of all, the Iraqi oil reserves which according to the U. S. is being improperly handled by the Iraqi government by destabilising influence to the flow of oil to international markets from the Middle East making this an unacceptable risk. With all these in mind, America then launched their so called pre-emptive strike seizing desperately for every opportunity and ally they could possibly get. From a certain point-of-view, it can be said that they became victorious. They are victorious for â€Å"waging† or â€Å"starting† a war but not victorious in the war itself. This because despite the vastness of the land they have conquered and despite the hundreds of thousands enemies they put down, at the end of the day, in war, nobody is a winner. There is only suffering, destruction and death. People call the invasion a â€Å"fatal mistake† (Gunaratna, 98). The most annoying and irritating truth the people of the world including the Americans realized is that there are no weapons of mass destruction. There is no proof that Saddam Hussein cooperated with the al-Queda or any terrorist groups and the fear of Saddam’s domination is merely speculation (Shuster, 1). There is no proof of the human rights abuses which the U. S. officials accused at the Iraqi government. And the illusion of promulgating democracy to Iraq is in fact still an illusion. Still, there is the issue on the oil reserves mismanagement. However, the truth is that the â€Å"mismanagement† that is alleged here only refers to the refusal to cooperate with U. S. with regard to the trade on the oil reserves. Therefore, this entire war does not seem to hinge upon deadly non-existent biological weapons, nor an issue the war on terrorism, nor that which concerns human rights or democracy. It all came down to a barrel of oil. But for those who find such a truth inconceivable or incomprehensible, just count the how many lives perished regardless of their nationality. How many children were orphaned, family members mourning and homes destroyed. Is a person’s life worth for fighting this meaningless war? Most people in the world know the pain of losing somebody. Well imagine the horrors of losing somebody you care about for something not even consequentially important in the history of humanity. It is hard to even contemplate that the billions and billions of dollars spent to kill countless lives in this war could have spent countless lives from hunger, diseases and poverty. Here once more is war like those before it. However, this time around, the consequences are devastating and the results, catastrophic. And as cliche as it may sound, we hear the question once more, did history repeat itself?Well, we realize that history does not repeat itself, but rather we repeat history. WORKS CITED Gunaratna, Rohan. â€Å"The Post-Madrid Face of Al Qaeda†, Washington Quarterly 27:3 (Summer 2004) p. 98. Hayes, Stephen F. and Joscelyn, Thomas The Mother of All Connections A special report on the new evidence of collaboration between Saddam Hussein’s Iraq and al Qaeda Volume 010, Issue 41 July 18, 2005 Shuster, D. â€Å"Road to war; How the Bush administration sold the Iraq War to American people†. MSNBC, Nov. 8, 2005 Retrieved on November 30, 2006 from, http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/9962149/

Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court Judge - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1991 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Supreme Court Essay Did you like this example? On July 1, 1982, seventeen year old Brett Kavanaugh attended a conventional high school party. Students sat around drinking, playing games, and talking amongst themselves. Teenagers were together having a good time, as they would at any other party. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court Judge" essay for you Create order It was a symbol of typical, American, high school that everyone has probably seen at some point, whether it be on TV or in reality. However, at this party, fifteen year old Christine Ford made an appearance. Thirty-six years later, Ford made the incendiary claim that Kavanaugh forced her to a room in the house where this party was taking place. She alleged that he proceeded to try and remove her clothing while pinning her down and holding her to the bed. She could not scream, as he gripped his hand over her mouth. Ford recounts how she escaped her attacker: The stairwell, the living room, the bedroom, the bed on the right side of the room as you walk into the room, there was a bed to the right the bathroom in close proximity,the laughter, the uproarious laughter, and the multiple attempts to escape, and the final ability to do so (Ford, as cited, Reston). In September of 2018, Brett Kavanaugh was nominated to become a Justice on the Supreme Court. Once this nomination became public, Ford came forward with her claim of violent assault from Kavanaugh when she was 15. Christine Ford mentioned in her testimony that, the assault drastically altered her life, noting that she struggled to get her act together during her first two years at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and dealt with unwelcome memories of the incident as an adult (Reston). After she came forward with this accusation, an investigation was started, by the FBI, into her and Kavanaughs past and life as teenagers. Not long after Ford, Deborah Ramirez, another victim from Boulder, Colorado, came out with a similar statement accusing Kavanaugh of assault: Thirty-five years ago, the other students in the room chose to laugh and look the other way as sexual violence was perpetrated on me by Brett Kavanaugh. As I watch many of the Senators speak and vote on the floor of the Senate I feel like Im right back at Yale where half the room is laughing and looking the other way. Only this time, instead of drunk college kids, it is US Senators who are deliberately ignoring his behavior. This is how victims are isolated and silenced (Ramirez). Christine Ford and Deborah Ramirez have been brave in calling out a powerful, public figure like Brett Kavanaugh. Many people believe that it was a ploy created by the democrats to delay his confirmation into the court. The investigation that followed these allegations did delay his confirmation, but only by 10 days. Now, Brett Kavanaugh states that, My family and my name have been totally and permanently destroyed by vicious and false additional accusations. The 10-day delay has been harmful to me and my family, to the Supreme Court and to the country (Kavanaugh). Christine Ford speaks about the effect of this on her life, Bretts assault on me drastically altered my life. For a very long time, I was too afraid and ashamed to tell anyone these details. (Ford). Kavanaughs and Fords statements substantially contradict each other. Kavanaugh says that these false accusations are ruining his life, whereas Christine Ford says how much his assault on her has ruined her life. Since both are so adamant that they are telling the truth, a quite thorough investigation should have taken place; not the same FBI agents looking through the same statements and coming to the same conclusion. They continued to investigate, but only closely enough so it appeared as if they were trying. It was somewhat of a sham. They should have had multiple teams looking at any shred of evidence they could find to try and determine which side was lying about this situation. This is a hard task to accomplish, but bringing in investigators with little to no bias who are only there to look at evidence and a make a decision would have been more effective in this case. When Deborah Ramirez came out with a statement making the same accusation about Judge Kavanaugh, his claim of innocence became more questionable. Due to the weakness of Kavanaughs response to Deborah Ramirezs and Christine Fords statements, it is clear that his innocence is not certain and a more thorough investigation should have taken place before his confirmation to the Supreme Court. There are several arguments saying that Kavanaugh would not assault a woman at all. Many statements have been made in his defense. However, they are weak and easily countered. These arguments in the defense of the judge are questionable. The arguments have little evidence, and in many cases, encourage and defend a culture where rape is considered normal and even excused by the media. Those in defense of Judge Kavanaugh say things that almost make excuses for Kavanaughs suspected actions. One source explains his good deeds, Look at all the good stuff hes done; hes an altar boy and a scout. Many people who do good stuff also commit terrible wrongs; the question is whether the accused did what his accuser said he did (Williams). Simply because someone has done good things does not mean they would never do bad things. Another makes the excuse of boys being boys, What boy hasnt done this in high school? You cant judge a mans character based on what he did at 17! (Time). A boys ac tions should not be excused by the fact that he is 17 and these things supposedly happen to everyone in high school. Rape does not just happen to everyone and it is not part of high school boys being boys. It is not an accident, or something that happens because someone is only 17 and doesnt know any better. These people have defended Kavanaugh and made excuses for his actions. How can you excuse someone who caused permanent psychological damage to another human being? Do we want someone like that making important decisions for our country? These statements are weak and disputable. The fact that they are trying to excuse him makes him appear a bit more guilty. If someone kills a person at 17 years old, it is not excused with the argument that they were only 17, these things just happen, so why should rape be any different? These allegations against Kavanaugh are destroying his life (Williams). The allegations should not be stopped because they are destroying his life, they should only stop when it has been proven that he is innocent through a thorough investigation of the evidence, statements, and witnesses, which did not happen. It was a quick investigation, The inquiry, which will last no more than a week, is a limited background check of Judge Kavanaugh, not a full-fledged criminal investigation, that they got over with so that he could be appointed without further delay (Shear). People on the opposite side of this believe that either Kavanaugh did not commit any kind of sexual assault crime, or that if he did, it does not still affect him and should be considered irrelevant. It was 36 years ago, after so much time shes still stuck on that? (Williams). No matter how much time passes, people who have been sexually assaulted will always carry that PTSD and fear with them. Of course she is still stuck on that (Williams). These women who were allegedly assaulted by Judge Kavanaugh do not want it to happen to anyone else, nor do they want a man like that in such a respected position of power. If it were true, she would have said something sooner. There are many reasons that victims of sexual assault find it difficult to speak up, not just sooner but at all (Time). Our culture makes it hard for victim to speak up without feeling ashamed, especially when calling out a man in such a power position. The people that make the argument that because it was so long ag o and he was 17 makes it irrelevant are not making the best decision. It will never be irrelevant to Ford and Ramirez. Being assaulted changes someone forever. The fact that Kavanaugh was only a 17 year old high school boy means nothing. Plenty of 17 year olds dont go around raping women and using their age and lack of maturity as an excuse. On october 3, 2018, a third accuser stepped forward with a statement that Brett Kavanaugh had raped her. Ms. Munro-Leighton from Oceanside, CA, made a statement on October 3, 2018 that Judge Brett Kavanaugh raped her in the backseat of a car. However, on November 3, 2018 she admitted that this was a lie. According to The Washington Times, Sen. Charles E. Grassley, chairman of the Judiciary Committee revealed the fraud in a letter to the FBI and Justice Department Friday, asking them to prosecute Judy Munro-Leighton for lying to and obstructing Congress (Dinan). When Munro-Leighton was interrogated and questioned by the investigators on the case, she finally came clean about the lie she told. She admitted it was false, a ploy, and a tactic. She was opposed to Judge Kavanaughs confirmation (Dinan). Munro-Leighton is a strong democrat. She did not want Mr. Kavanaugh to be confirmed into his position of respect on the Supreme Court. When women make false accusations of rape like this, it makes it harder for true victims to be heard and down plays their struggle. Since Ms. Munro-Leighton was lying and admitted to it, she makes Ramirez and Ford look as if they are lying as well. It also makes it appear that this whole situation was a plan created by the democrats to delay or even stop his confirmation into the court. These women could have been paid off to say these things about Kavanaugh, or they could have done it on their own because of their personal dislike of the judge. Brett Kavanaugh claims that his reputation was damaged by these allegations, but that does not compare to the alleged personal trauma and pain caused to Christine Ford and Deborah Ramirez and their families. Just because someone is a good person does not mean that they never do bad things. All of the good things that Kavanaugh has done does not mean that he is incapable of sexual assault, or any other misconduct. If he did in fact commit this crime, it should not be excused by the fact that it was so long ago and he was only 17. Those things should not matter. It does not make the crime any less real to these two women affected, so it should still be a big deal to us. However, because Ms. Munro-Leighton admitted to her lie and ploy to delay this confirmation, it does make it appear as if the other two women could be doing the same. Brett Kavanaugh may be innocent. Although, a further and more thorough investigation would have made that more clear and made a solid decision in this c ase, leaving no room for what ifs.  Works Cited Ball, Molly. The Cost to the Court. Time. 8 October 2018. https://web-a-ebscohost-com.library.westernwyoming.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=10sid=7dd0f57d-4de8-4955-b36b-f68dc9066ace%40sdc-v-sessmgr05bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=132004251db=aph. 5 November 2018. Dinan, Stephen. Another Kavanaugh Accuser Admits to Fabricating Rape Story. The Washington Times. 3 November 2018. https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/nov/3/another-kavanaugh-accuser-admits-fabricating-rape-/ 12 November 2018. Mogensen, Jackie. Kavanaugh Accuser Deborah Ramirez: This Is How Victims Are Isolated and Silenced. Mother Jones. 6 October 2018. https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2018/10/brett-kavanaugh-accuser-debbie-ramirez-statement-drunk-college-kids/ 13 November 2018. Reston, Maeve. I will never forget: Christine Blasey Ford Recounts Her Trauma in Raw Testimony. CNN. 27. September 2018. https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/27/politics/christine-blasey-ford-raw-testimony/index.html 13 November 2018. Shear, Michael. Details of F.B.I.s Kavanaugh Inquiry Show Its Restricted Range. The New York Times. 29 September 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/29/us/politics/kavanaugh-fbi-inquiry.html. 13 November 2018.